C#线程学习笔记七：Task详细用法
程序员文章站
2023-10-28 19:22:16
一、Task类简介： Task类是在.NET Framework 4.0中提供的新功能，主要用于异步操作的控制。它比Thread和ThreadPool提供了更为强大的功能，并且更方便使用。 Task和Task类：前者接收的是Action委托类型；后者接收的是Func
一、task类简介：
task类是在.net framework 4.0中提供的新功能，主要用于异步操作的控制。它比thread和threadpool提供了更为强大的功能，并且更方便使用。
task和task<tresult>类：前者接收的是action委托类型；后者接收的是func<tresult>委托类型。
任务task和线程thread的区别：
1、任务是架构在线程之上。也就是说任务最终还是要抛给线程去执行，它们都是在同一命名空间system.threading下。
2、任务跟线程并不是一对一的关系。比如说开启10个任务并不一定会开启10个线程，因为使用task开启新任务时，是从线程池中调用线程，这点与
threadpool.queueuserworkitem类似。
二、task的创建
2.1创建方式1：调用构造函数
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
#region 工作者线程：使用任务实现异步
threadpool.setmaxthreads(1000, 1000);
printmessage("main thread start.");
//调用构造函数创建task对象
task<int> task = new task<int>(n => asyncmethod((int)n), 10);
//启动任务
task.start();
//等待任务完成
task.wait();
console.writeline("the method result is: " + task.result);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// 打印线程池信息
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data"></param>
private static void printmessage(string data)
{
//获得线程池中可用的工作者线程数量及i/o线程数量
threadpool.getavailablethreads(out int workthreadnumber, out int iothreadnumber);
console.writeline("{0}\n currentthreadid is:{1}\n currentthread is background:{2}\n workerthreadnumber is:{3}\n iothreadnumbers is:{4}\n",
data,
thread.currentthread.managedthreadid,
thread.currentthread.isbackground.tostring(),
workthreadnumber.tostring(),
iothreadnumber.tostring());
}
/// <summary>
/// 异步方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="n"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static int asyncmethod(int n)
{
thread.sleep(1000);
printmessage("asynchoronous method.");
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
//运算溢出检查
checked
{
sum += i;
}
}
return sum;
}
}
2.2创建方式2：任务工厂
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
#region 工作者线程：使用任务工厂实现异步
////无参无返回值
//threadpool.setmaxthreads(1000, 1000);
//task.factory.startnew(() => printmessage("main thread."));
//console.read();
//有参有返回值
threadpool.setmaxthreads(1000, 1000);
printmessage("main thread start.");
var task = task.factory.startnew(n => asyncmethod((int)n), 10);
//等待任务完成
task.wait();
console.writeline("the method result is: " + task.result);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// 打印线程池信息
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data"></param>
private static void printmessage(string data)
{
//获得线程池中可用的工作者线程数量及i/o线程数量
threadpool.getavailablethreads(out int workthreadnumber, out int iothreadnumber);
console.writeline("{0}\n currentthreadid is:{1}\n currentthread is background:{2}\n workerthreadnumber is:{3}\n iothreadnumbers is:{4}\n",
data,
thread.currentthread.managedthreadid,
thread.currentthread.isbackground.tostring(),
workthreadnumber.tostring(),
iothreadnumber.tostring());
}
/// <summary>
/// 异步方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="n"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static int asyncmethod(int n)
{
thread.sleep(1000);
printmessage("asynchoronous method.");
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
//运算溢出检查
checked
{
sum += i;
}
}
return sum;
}
}
2.3创建方式3：run方法
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
#region 工作者线程：使用task.run实现异步
threadpool.setmaxthreads(1000, 1000);
printmessage("main thread start.");
var task = task.run(() => asyncmethod(10));
//等待任务完成
task.wait();
console.writeline("the method result is: " + task.result);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// 打印线程池信息
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data"></param>
private static void printmessage(string data)
{
//获得线程池中可用的工作者线程数量及i/o线程数量
threadpool.getavailablethreads(out int workthreadnumber, out int iothreadnumber);
console.writeline("{0}\n currentthreadid is:{1}\n currentthread is background:{2}\n workerthreadnumber is:{3}\n iothreadnumbers is:{4}\n",
data,
thread.currentthread.managedthreadid,
thread.currentthread.isbackground.tostring(),
workthreadnumber.tostring(),
iothreadnumber.tostring());
}
/// <summary>
/// 异步方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="n"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static int asyncmethod(int n)
{
thread.sleep(1000);
printmessage("asynchoronous method.");
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
//运算溢出检查
checked
{
sum += i;
}
}
return sum;
}
}
三、task的简略生命周期
可通过status属性获取。
| 状态 | 说明 |
| created | 表示默认初始化任务，但是工厂及run创建方式会直接跳过。 |
| waitingtorun | 表示等待任务调度器分配线程给任务执行。 |
| rantocompletion | 表示任务执行完毕。 |
四、task的控制
| 方法名 | 说明 |
| task.wait | 如task1.wait();就是等待task1任务的执行，执行完成后状态变为completed。 |
| task.waitall | 等待所有的任务执行完毕。 |
| task.waitany | 等待任意一个任务完成后就继续向下执行。 |
| task.continuewith | 上一个任务执行完成后自动启动下一个任务，实现任务的按序进行。 |
| cancellationtokensource | 通过其token来取消一个task。 |
4.1、组合任务
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：task组合任务
//创建一个任务
task<int> task = new task<int>(() =>
{
int sum = 0;
console.writeline("使用任务实现异步。");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
sum += i;
}
return sum;
});
//任务启动并安排到任务队列等待执行(system.threading.tasks.taskscheduler)
task.start();
//任务完成时执行处理
task cwt = task.continuewith(t =>
{
console.writeline("任务的执行结果：{0}", t.result.tostring());
});
task.wait();
cwt.wait();
console.readline();
#endregion
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.2、串行任务
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：task串行任务
//堆栈
concurrentstack<int> stack = new concurrentstack<int>();
//t1最早串行
var t1 = task.factory.startnew(() =>
{
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
});
//t2、t3并行执行
var t2 = t1.continuewith(t =>
{
stack.trypop(out int result);
console.writeline("task t2 result={0},thread id is {1}.", result, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
});
var t3 = t1.continuewith(t =>
{
stack.trypop(out int result);
console.writeline("task t3 result={0},thread id is {1}.", result, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
});
//等待t2、t3执行完毕
task.waitall(t2, t3);
//t4串行执行
var t4 = task.factory.startnew(() =>
{
console.writeline("the stack count={0},thread id is {1}.", stack.count, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
});
t4.wait();
console.readline();
#endregion
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.3、子任务
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：task子任务
task<string[]> parent = new task<string[]>(state =>
{
console.writeline(state);
string[] result = new string[2];
//创建并启动子任务
new task(() => { result[0] = "子任务1。"; }, taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent).start();
new task(() => { result[1] = "子任务2。"; }, taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent).start();
return result;
}, "我是父任务，我创建了2个子任务，它们执行完后我才会结束执行。");
//任务完成时执行处理
parent.continuewith(t =>
{
array.foreach(t.result, r => console.writeline(r));
});
//启动父任务
parent.start();
parent.wait();
console.readline();
#endregion
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.4、动态并行任务
/// <summary>
/// 结点类
/// </summary>
class node
{
public node left { get; set; }
public node right { get; set; }
public string text { get; set; }
}
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：task动态并行任务
node root = getnode();
displaytree(root);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// getnode方法
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
static node getnode()
{
node root = new node
{
left = new node
{
left = new node
{
text = "l-l"
},
right = new node
{
text = "l-r"
},
text = "l"
},
right = new node
{
left = new node
{
text = "r-l"
},
right = new node
{
text = "r-r"
},
text = "r"
},
text = "root"
};
return root;
}
/// <summary>
/// displaytree方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="root"></param>
static void displaytree(node root)
{
var task = task.factory.startnew
(
() =>
displaynode(root),
cancellationtoken.none,
taskcreationoptions.none,
taskscheduler.default
);
task.wait();
}
/// <summary>
/// displaynode方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="current"></param>
static void displaynode(node current)
{
if (current.left != null)
{
task.factory.startnew
(
() =>
displaynode(current.left),
cancellationtoken.none,
taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent,
taskscheduler.default
);
}
if (current.right != null)
{
task.factory.startnew
(
() =>
displaynode(current.right),
cancellationtoken.none,
taskcreationoptions.attachedtoparent,
taskscheduler.default
);
console.writeline("the current node text={0},thread id is {1}.", current.text, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
}
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.5、取消任务
class program
{
static void main(string[] args)
{
#region 取消任务
threadpool.setmaxthreads(1000, 1000);
printmessage("main thread start.");
cancellationtokensource cts = new cancellationtokensource();
//调用构造函数创建task对象，将一个cancellationtoken传给task构造器从而使task和cancellationtoken关联起来。
task<int> task = new task<int>(n => asyncmethod(cts.token, (int)n), 10);
//启动任务
task.start();
//延迟取消任务
thread.sleep(3000);
//取消任务
cts.cancel();
console.writeline("the method result is: " + task.result);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// 打印线程池信息
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data"></param>
private static void printmessage(string data)
{
//获得线程池中可用的工作者线程数量及i/o线程数量
threadpool.getavailablethreads(out int workthreadnumber, out int iothreadnumber);
console.writeline("{0}\n currentthreadid is:{1}\n currentthread is background:{2}\n workerthreadnumber is:{3}\n iothreadnumbers is:{4}\n",
data,
thread.currentthread.managedthreadid,
thread.currentthread.isbackground.tostring(),
workthreadnumber.tostring(),
iothreadnumber.tostring());
}
/// <summary>
/// 异步方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ct"></param>
/// <param name="n"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static int asyncmethod(cancellationtoken ct, int n)
{
thread.sleep(1000);
printmessage("asynchoronous method.");
int sum = 0;
try
{
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++)
{
//当cancellationtokensource对象调用cancel方法时，就会引起operationcanceledexception异常，
//通过调用cancellationtoken的throwifcancellationrequested方法来定时检查操作是否已经取消，
//这个方法和cancellationtoken的iscancellationrequested属性类似。
ct.throwifcancellationrequested();
thread.sleep(500);
//运算溢出检查
checked
{
sum += i;
}
}
}
catch (exception e)
{
console.writeline("exception is:" + e.gettype().name);
console.writeline("operation is canceled.");
}
return sum;
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.6、处理单个任务中的异常
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：处理单个任务中的异常
try
{
task<int> task = task.run(() => singletaskexceptionmethod("single task.", 2));
int result = task.getawaiter().getresult();
console.writeline("result:{0}", result);
}
catch (exception ex)
{
console.writeline("single task exception caught:{0}", ex.message);
}
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// singletaskexception方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <param name="seconds"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
static int singletaskexceptionmethod(string name, int seconds)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on thread {1}.is it threadpool thread?:{2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(seconds));
throw new exception("boom.");
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.7、处理多个任务中的异常
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：处理多个任务中的异常
try
{
var t1 = new task<int>(() => multipletaskexceptionmethod("multiple task 1", 3));
var t2 = new task<int>(() => multipletaskexceptionmethod("multiple task 2", 2));
var complextask = task.whenall(t1, t2);
var exceptionhandler = complextask.continuewith
(
t =>
console.writeline("result:{0}", t.result),
taskcontinuationoptions.onlyonfaulted
);
t1.start();
t2.start();
task.waitall(t1, t2);
console.readline();
}
catch (aggregateexception ex)
{
ex.handle
(
exception =>
{
console.writeline(exception.message);
return true;
}
);
}
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// multipletaskexception方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <param name="seconds"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
static int multipletaskexceptionmethod(string name, int seconds)
{
console.writeline("task {0} is running on thread id {1}. is it threadpool thread?:{2}",
name, thread.currentthread.managedthreadid, thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(seconds));
throw new exception(string.format("task {0} boom.", name));
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.8、task.fromresult的应用
class program
{
//字典
private static readonly idictionary<string, string> cache = new dictionary<string, string>()
{
{"0001","a"},
{"0002","b"},
{"0003","c"},
{"0004","d"},
{"0005","e"},
{"0006","f"},
};
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：task.fromresult的应用
task<string> task = getvaluefromcachemethod("0006");
console.writeline("result={0}", task.result.tostring());
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// getvaluefromcache方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="key"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static task<string> getvaluefromcachemethod(string key)
{
console.writeline("getvaluefromcache开始执行……");
string result = string.empty;
thread.sleep(3000);
console.writeline("getvaluefromcache继续执行……");
if (cache.trygetvalue(key, out result))
{
return task.fromresult(result);
}
return task.fromresult("");
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.9、使用iprogress实现异步编程的进程通知
iprogress<in t>只提供了一个方法void report(t value)，通过report方法把一个t类型的值报告给iprogress，然后iprogress<in t>的实现类progress<in t>的构造函数
接收类型为action<t>的形参，通过这个委托让进度显示在ui界面中。
class program
{
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：使用iprogress实现异步编程的进程通知
task task = display();
task.wait();
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// doprocessing方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="progress"></param>
static void doprocessing(iprogress<int> progress)
{
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
{
thread.sleep(100);
if (progress != null)
{
progress.report(i);
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// display方法
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
static async task display()
{
//当前线程
var progress = new progress<int>
(
percent =>
{
console.clear();
console.write("{0}%", percent);
}
);
//线程池线程
await task.run(() => doprocessing(progress));
console.writeline("");
console.writeline("结束");
}
}
运行结果如下：
4.10、factory.fromasync的应用
(简apm模式(委托)转换为任务)(beginxxx和endxxx)
带回调方式：
class program
{
//使用委托实现异步，是使用了异步编程模型apm。
private delegate string asynchronoustask(string threadname);
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：带回调方式的factory.fromasync的应用
asynchronoustask d = testmethod;
console.writeline("option 1");
task<string> task = task<string>.factory.fromasync(d.begininvoke("asynctaskthread", callback, "a delegate asynchronous called."), d.endinvoke);
task.continuewith(t => console.writeline("callback is finished,now running a continuation. result: {0}",t.result));
while (!task.iscompleted)
{
console.writeline(task.status);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
}
console.writeline(task.status);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// fromasync方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="threadname"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static string fromasyncmethod(string threadname)
{
console.writeline("starting...");
console.writeline("is it threadpool thread?:{0}", thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(2));
thread.currentthread.name = threadname;
return string.format("thread name:{0}", thread.currentthread.name);
}
/// <summary>
/// callback方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ar"></param>
private static void callback(iasyncresult ar)
{
console.writeline("starting a callback...");
console.writeline("state passed to a callbak: {0}", ar.asyncstate);
console.writeline("is it threadpool thread?:{0}", thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
console.writeline("threadpool worker thread id: {0}",thread.currentthread.managedthreadid);
}
}
运行结果如下：
不带回调方式：
class program
{
//使用委托实现异步，是使用了异步编程模型apm。
private delegate string asynchronoustask(string threadname);
public static void main()
{
#region 工作者线程：不带回调方式的factory.fromasync的应用
asynchronoustask d = fromasyncmethod;
task<string> task = task<string>.factory.fromasync(d.begininvoke, d.endinvoke, "asynctaskthread", "a delegate asynchronous called.");
task.continuewith(t => console.writeline("task is completed, now running a continuation! result: {0}",t.result));
while (!task.iscompleted)
{
console.writeline(task.status);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(0.5));
}
console.writeline(task.status);
console.readline();
#endregion
}
/// <summary>
/// fromasync方法
/// </summary>
/// <param name="threadname"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static string fromasyncmethod(string threadname)
{
console.writeline("starting...");
console.writeline("is it threadpool thread?:{0}", thread.currentthread.isthreadpoolthread);
thread.sleep(timespan.fromseconds(2));
thread.currentthread.name = threadname;
return string.format("thread name:{0}", thread.currentthread.name);
}
}
运行结果如下：
参考自：
上一篇： C# 中的值类型和引用类型
下一篇： 古代太监被阉割之后 他们是怎么上厕所的