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Spring Boot thymeleaf模板引擎的使用详解

程序员文章站 2022-07-01 16:37:49
在早期开发的时候,我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面,随着时间轴的发展,慢慢的引入了jsp页面,当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面,可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互,j...

在早期开发的时候,我们完成的都是静态页面也就是html页面,随着时间轴的发展,慢慢的引入了jsp页面,当在后端服务查询到数据之后可以转发到jsp页面,可以轻松的使用jsp页面来实现数据的显示及交互,jsp有非常强大的功能,但是,在使用springboot的时候,整个项目是以jar包的方式运行而不是war包,而且还嵌入了tomcat容器,因此,在默认情况下是不支持jsp页面的。如果直接以纯静态页面的方式会给我们的开发带来很大的麻烦,springboot推荐使用模板引擎。

模板引擎有很多种,jsp,freemarker,thymeleaf,模板引擎的作用就是我们来写一个页面模板,比如有些值呢,是动态的,我们写一些表达式。而这些值,从哪来呢,我们来组装一些数据,我们把这些数据找到。然后把这个模板和这个数据交给我们模板引擎,模板引擎按照我们这个数据帮你把这表达式解析、填充到我们指定的位置,然后把这个数据最终生成一个我们想要的内容给我们写出去,这就是我们这个模板引擎,不管是jsp还是其他模板引擎,都是这个思想。只不过不同的模板引擎语法不同而已,下面重点学习下springboot推荐使用的thymeleaf模板引擎,语法简单且功能强大

1、thymeleaf的介绍

官网地址:

thymeleaf在github的地址:

中文网站:

导入依赖:

 <!--thymeleaf模板-->
  <dependency>
   <groupid>org.thymeleaf</groupid>
   <artifactid>thymeleaf-spring5</artifactid>
  </dependency>
  <dependency>
   <groupid>org.thymeleaf.extras</groupid>
   <artifactid>thymeleaf-extras-java8time</artifactid>
  </dependency>

在springboot中有专门的thymeleaf配置类:thymeleafproperties

@configurationproperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class thymeleafproperties {
	private static final charset default_encoding = standardcharsets.utf_8;
	public static final string default_prefix = "classpath:/templates/";
	public static final string default_suffix = ".html";
	/**
	 * whether to check that the template exists before rendering it.
	 */
	private boolean checktemplate = true;
	/**
	 * whether to check that the templates location exists.
	 */
	private boolean checktemplatelocation = true;
	/**
	 * prefix that gets prepended to view names when building a url.
	 */
	private string prefix = default_prefix;
	/**
	 * suffix that gets appended to view names when building a url.
	 */
	private string suffix = default_suffix;
	/**
	 * template mode to be applied to templates. see also thymeleaf's templatemode enum.
	 */
	private string mode = "html";
	/**
	 * template files encoding.
	 */
	private charset encoding = default_encoding;
	/**
	 * whether to enable template caching.
	 */
	private boolean cache = true;

2、thymeleaf使用模板

在java代码中写入如下代码:

@requestmapping("/hello")
 public string hello(model model){
  model.addattribute("msg","hello");
  //classpath:/templates/hello.html
  return "hello";
 }

html页面中写入如下代码:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<body>
<h1>hello</h1>
<div th:text="${msg}"></div>
</body>
</html>

3、thymeleaf的表达式语法

simple expressions:
	variable expressions: ${...}
	selection variable expressions: *{...}
	message expressions: #{...}
	link url expressions: @{...}
	fragment expressions: ~{...}
literals
	text literals: 'one text', 'another one!',…
	number literals: 0, 34, 3.0, 12.3,…
	boolean literals: true, false
	null literal: null
	literal tokens: one, sometext, main,…
text operations:
	string concatenation: +
	literal substitutions: |the name is ${name}|
arithmetic operations:
	binary operators: +, -, *, /, %
	minus sign (unary operator): -
	boolean operations:
	binary operators: and, or
	boolean negation (unary operator): !, not
comparisons and equality:
	comparators: >, <, >=, <= (gt, lt, ge, le)
	equality operators: ==, != (eq, ne)
	conditional operators:
	if-then: (if) ? (then)
	if-then-else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
	default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
special tokens:
	no-operation: _

4、thymeleaf实例演示

1、th的常用属性值

​一、th:text :设置当前元素的文本内容,相同功能的还有th:utext,两者的区别在于前者不会转义html标签,后者会。优先级不高:order=7

​二、th:value:设置当前元素的value值,类似修改指定属性的还有th:src,th:href。优先级不高:order=6

​三、th:each:遍历循环元素,和th:text或th:value一起使用。注意该属性修饰的标签位置,详细往后看。优先级很高:order=2

​四、th:if:条件判断,类似的还有th:unless,th:switch,th:case。优先级较高:order=3

​五、th:insert:代码块引入,类似的还有th:replace,th:include,三者的区别较大,若使用不恰当会破坏html结构,常用于公共代码块提取的场景。优先级最高:order=1

​六、th:fragment:定义代码块,方便被th:insert引用。优先级最低:order=8

​七、th:object:声明变量,一般和*{}一起配合使用,达到偷懒的效果。优先级一般:order=4

​八、th:attr:修改任意属性,实际开发中用的较少,因为有丰富的其他th属性帮忙,类似的还有th:attrappend,th:attrprepend。优先级一般:order=5

thymeleaf.html

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>title</title>
</head>
<body>
 <p th:text="${thtext}"></p>
 <p th:utext="${thutext}"></p>
 <input type="text" th:value="${thvalue}">
 <div th:each="message:${theach}">
  <p th:text="${message}"></p>
 </div>
 <div>
  <p th:text="${message}" th:each="message:${theach}"></p>
 </div>
 <p th:text="${thif}" th:if="${not #strings.isempty(thif)}"></p>
 <div th:object="${thobject}">
  <p>name:<span th:text="*{name}"/></p>
  <p>age:<span th:text="*{age}"/></p>
  <p>gender:<span th:text="*{gender}"/></p>
 </div>

</body>
</html>

thymeleafcontroller.java

import org.springframework.stereotype.controller;
import org.springframework.ui.modelmap;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.requestmapping;

@controller
public class thymeleafcontroller {

 @requestmapping("thymeleaf")
 public string thymeleaf(modelmap map){

  map.put("thtext","th:text设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>");
  map.put("thutext","th:utext 设置文本内容 <b>加粗</b>");
  map.put("thvalue","thvalue 设置当前元素的value值");
  map.put("theach","arrays.aslist(\"th:each\", \"遍历列表\")");
  map.put("thif","msg is not null");
  map.put("thobject",new person("zhangsan",12,"男"));
  return "thymeleaf";
 }
}

2、标准表达式语法

​${...} 变量表达式,variable expressions

​*{...} 选择变量表达式,selection variable expressions

​一、可以获取对象的属性和方法

​二、可以使用ctx,vars,locale,request,response,session,servletcontext内置对象

session.setattribute("user","zhangsan");
th:text="${session.user}"

​三、可以使用dates,numbers,strings,objects,arrays,lists,sets,maps等内置方法

standardexpression.html

<!--
一、strings:字符串格式化方法,常用的java方法它都有。比如:equals,equalsignorecase,length,trim,touppercase,tolowercase,indexof,substring,replace,startswith,endswith,contains,containsignorecase等

二、numbers:数值格式化方法,常用的方法有:formatdecimal等

三、bools:布尔方法,常用的方法有:istrue,isfalse等

四、arrays:数组方法,常用的方法有:toarray,length,isempty,contains,containsall等

五、lists,sets:集合方法,常用的方法有:tolist,size,isempty,contains,containsall,sort等

六、maps:对象方法,常用的方法有:size,isempty,containskey,containsvalue等

七、dates:日期方法,常用的方法有:format,year,month,hour,createnow等
-->
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>thymeleaf内置方法</title>
</head>
<body>
 <h3>#strings </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #strings.isempty(str)}" >
  <p>old str : <span th:text="${str}"/></p>
  <p>touppercase : <span th:text="${#strings.touppercase(str)}"/></p>
  <p>tolowercase : <span th:text="${#strings.tolowercase(str)}"/></p>
  <p>equals : <span th:text="${#strings.equals(str, 'blog')}"/></p>
  <p>equalsignorecase : <span th:text="${#strings.equalsignorecase(str, 'blog')}"/></p>
  <p>indexof : <span th:text="${#strings.indexof(str, 'r')}"/></p>
  <p>substring : <span th:text="${#strings.substring(str, 2, 4)}"/></p>
  <p>replace : <span th:text="${#strings.replace(str, 'it', 'it')}"/></p>
  <p>startswith : <span th:text="${#strings.startswith(str, 'it')}"/></p>
  <p>contains : <span th:text="${#strings.contains(str, 'it')}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#numbers </h3>
 <div>
  <p>formatdecimal 整数部分随意,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入: <span th:text="${#numbers.formatdecimal(num, 0, 2)}"/></p>
  <p>formatdecimal 整数部分保留五位数,小数点后保留两位,四舍五入: <span th:text="${#numbers.formatdecimal(num, 5, 2)}"/></p>
 </div>

 <h3>#bools </h3>
 <div th:if="${#bools.istrue(bool)}">
  <p th:text="${bool}"></p>
 </div>

 <h3>#arrays </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #arrays.isempty(array)}">
  <p>length : <span th:text="${#arrays.length(array)}"/></p>
  <p>contains : <span th:text="${#arrays.contains(array,2)}"/></p>
  <p>containsall : <span th:text="${#arrays.containsall(array, array)}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#lists </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #lists.isempty(list)}">
  <p>size : <span th:text="${#lists.size(list)}"/></p>
  <p>contains : <span th:text="${#lists.contains(list, 0)}"/></p>
  <p>sort : <span th:text="${#lists.sort(list)}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#maps </h3>
 <div th:if="${not #maps.isempty(hashmap)}">
  <p>size : <span th:text="${#maps.size(hashmap)}"/></p>
  <p>containskey : <span th:text="${#maps.containskey(hashmap, 'thname')}"/></p>
  <p>containsvalue : <span th:text="${#maps.containsvalue(hashmap, '#maps')}"/></p>
 </div>
 <h3>#dates </h3>
 <div>
  <p>format : <span th:text="${#dates.format(date)}"/></p>
  <p>custom format : <span th:text="${#dates.format(date, 'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss')}"/></p>
  <p>day : <span th:text="${#dates.day(date)}"/></p>
  <p>month : <span th:text="${#dates.month(date)}"/></p>
  <p>monthname : <span th:text="${#dates.monthname(date)}"/></p>
  <p>year : <span th:text="${#dates.year(date)}"/></p>
  <p>dayofweekname : <span th:text="${#dates.dayofweekname(date)}"/></p>
  <p>hour : <span th:text="${#dates.hour(date)}"/></p>
  <p>minute : <span th:text="${#dates.minute(date)}"/></p>
  <p>second : <span th:text="${#dates.second(date)}"/></p>
  <p>createnow : <span th:text="${#dates.createnow()}"/></p>
 </div>
</body>
</html>

thymeleafcontroller.java

@requestmapping("standardexpression")
 public string standardexpression(modelmap map){
  map.put("str", "blog");
  map.put("bool", true);
  map.put("array", new integer[]{1,2,3,4});
  map.put("list", arrays.aslist(1,3,2,4,0));
  map hashmap = new hashmap();
  hashmap.put("thname", "${#...}");
  hashmap.put("desc", "变量表达式内置方法");
  map.put("map", hashmap);
  map.put("date", new date());
  map.put("num", 888.888d);
  return "standardexpression";
 }

​@{...} 链接表达式,link url expressions

<!--
不管是静态资源的引用,form表单的请求,凡是链接都可以用@{...} 。这样可以动态获取项目路径,即便项目名变了,依然可以正常访问
链接表达式结构
无参:@{/xxx}
有参:@{/xxx(k1=v1,k2=v2)} 对应url结构:xxx?k1=v1&k2=v2
引入本地资源:@{/项目本地的资源路径}
引入外部资源:@{/webjars/资源在jar包中的路径}
-->
<link th:href="@{/webjars/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.css}" rel="external nofollow" rel="stylesheet">
<link th:href="@{/main/css/123.css}" rel="external nofollow" rel="stylesheet">
<form class="form-login" th:action="@{/user/login}" th:method="post" >
<a class="btn btn-sm" th:href="@{/login.html(l='zh_cn')}" rel="external nofollow" >中文</a>
<a class="btn btn-sm" th:href="@{/login.html(l='en_us')}" rel="external nofollow" >english</a>

​#{...} 消息表达式,message expressions

<!-- 
消息表达式一般用于国际化的场景。结构:th:text="#{msg}"
-->

​~{...} 代码块表达式,fragment expressions

fragment.html

<!--
支持两种语法结构
推荐:~{templatename::fragmentname}
支持:~{templatename::#id}
templatename:模版名,thymeleaf会根据模版名解析完整路:/resources/templates/templatename.html,要注意文件的路径。
fragmentname:片段名,thymeleaf通过th:fragment声明定义代码块,即:th:fragment="fragmentname"
id:html的id选择器,使用时要在前面加上#号,不支持class选择器。

代码块表达式的使用
代码块表达式需要配合th属性(th:insert,th:replace,th:include)一起使用。
th:insert:将代码块片段整个插入到使用了th:insert的html标签中,
th:replace:将代码块片段整个替换使用了th:replace的html标签中,
th:include:将代码块片段包含的内容插入到使用了th:include的html标签中,
-->
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>title</title>
</head>
<body>
<!--th:fragment定义代码块标识-->
<footer th:fragment="copy">
 2019 the good thymes virtual grocery
</footer>

<!--三种不同的引入方式-->
<div th:insert="fragment::copy"></div>
<div th:replace="fragment::copy"></div>
<div th:include="fragment::copy"></div>

<!--th:insert是在div中插入代码块,即多了一层div-->
<div>
 <footer>
  &copy; 2011 the good thymes virtual grocery
 </footer>
</div>
<!--th:replace是将代码块代替当前div,其html结构和之前一致-->
<footer>
 &copy; 2011 the good thymes virtual grocery
</footer>
<!--th:include是将代码块footer的内容插入到div中,即少了一层footer-->
<div>
 &copy; 2011 the good thymes virtual grocery
</div>
</body>
</html>

5、国际化的配置

​在很多应用场景下,我们需要实现页面的国际化,springboot对国际化有很好的支持, 下面来演示对应的效果。

1、在idea中设置统一的编码格式,file->settings->editors->file encoding,选择编码格式为utf-8

2、在resources资源文件下创建一个i8n的目录,创建一个login.properties的文件,还有login_zh_cn.properties,idea会自动识别国际化操作

3、创建三个不同的文件,名称分别是:login.properties,login_en_us.properties,login_zh_cn.properties

内容如下:

#login.properties
login.password=密码1
login.remmber=记住我1
login.sign=登录1
login.username=用户名1
#login_en_us.properties
login.password=password
login.remmber=remember me
login.sign=sign in
login.username=username
#login_zh_cn.properties
login.password=密码~
login.remmber=记住我~
login.sign=登录~
login.username=用户名~

4、配置国际化的资源路径

spring:
 messages:
 basename: i18n/login

5、编写html页面

初始html页面
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8"/>
  <title>title</title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <form action="" method="post">

   <label >username</label>
   <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="username" >
   <label >password</label>
   <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="password" >
   <br> <br>
   <div>
    <label>
     <input type="checkbox" value="remember-me"/> remember me
    </label>
   </div>
   <br>
   <button type="submit">sign in</button>
   <br> <br>
   <a>中文</a>
   <a>english</a>
  </form>
 </body>
</html>

修改后的页面
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8"/>
  <title>title</title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <form action="" method="post">
   <label th:text="#{login.username}">username</label>
   <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="username" th:placeholder="#{login.username}">
   <label th:text="#{login.password}">password</label>
   <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="password" th:placeholder="#{login.password}">
   <br> <br>
   <div>
    <label>
     <input type="checkbox" value="remember-me"/> [[#{login.remmber}]]
    </label>
   </div>
   <br>
   <button type="submit" th:text="#{login.sign}">sign in</button>
   <br> <br>
   <a>中文</a>
   <a>english</a>
  </form>
 </body>
</html>

可以看到通过浏览器的切换语言已经能够实现,想要通过超链接实现的话,如下所示:

添加webmvcconfig.java代码

import org.springframework.context.annotation.bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.configuration;
import org.springframework.util.stringutils;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.localeresolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.viewcontrollerregistry;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.webmvcconfigurer;

import javax.servlet.http.httpservletrequest;
import javax.servlet.http.httpservletresponse;
import java.util.locale;

@configuration
public class webmvcconfig implements webmvcconfigurer {

 @override
 public void addviewcontrollers(viewcontrollerregistry registry) {
  registry.addviewcontroller("/").setviewname("login");
  registry.addviewcontroller("/login.html").setviewname("login");
 }

 @bean
 public localeresolver localeresolver(){
  return new nativelocaleresolver();
 }

 protected static class nativelocaleresolver implements localeresolver{

  @override
  public locale resolvelocale(httpservletrequest request) {
   string language = request.getparameter("language");
   locale locale = locale.getdefault();
   if(!stringutils.isempty(language)){
    string[] split = language.split("_");
    locale = new locale(split[0],split[1]);
   }
   return locale;
  }

  @override
  public void setlocale(httpservletrequest request, httpservletresponse response, locale locale) {

  }
 }
}

login.html页面修改为:

<!doctype html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
 <meta charset="utf-8"/>
 <title>title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="" method="post">
 <label th:text="#{login.username}">username</label>
 <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="username" th:placeholder="#{login.username}">
 <label th:text="#{login.password}">password</label>
 <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="password" th:placeholder="#{login.password}">
 <br> <br>
 <div>
  <label>
   <input type="checkbox" value="remember-me"/> [[#{login.remmber}]]
  </label>
 </div>
 <br>
 <button type="submit" th:text="#{login.sign}">sign in</button>
 <br> <br>
 <a th:href="@{/login.html(language='zh_cn')}" rel="external nofollow" >中文</a>
 <a th:href="@{/login.html(language='en_us')}" rel="external nofollow" >english</a>
</form>
</body>
</html>

国际化的源码解释:

//messagesourceautoconfiguration 
public class messagesourceautoconfiguration {
 private static final resource[] no_resources = new resource[0];

 public messagesourceautoconfiguration() {
 }

 @bean
 @configurationproperties(prefix = "spring.messages") //我们的配置文件可以直接放在类路径下叫: messages.properties, 就可以进行国际化操作了
 public messagesourceproperties messagesourceproperties() {
  return new messagesourceproperties();
 }

 @bean
 public messagesource messagesource(messagesourceproperties properties) {
  resourcebundlemessagesource messagesource = new resourcebundlemessagesource();
  if (stringutils.hastext(properties.getbasename())) {
        //设置国际化文件的基础名(去掉语言国家代码的)
   messagesource.setbasenames(stringutils.commadelimitedlisttostringarray(stringutils.trimallwhitespace(properties.getbasename())));
  }

  if (properties.getencoding() != null) {
   messagesource.setdefaultencoding(properties.getencoding().name());
  }

  messagesource.setfallbacktosystemlocale(properties.isfallbacktosystemlocale());
  duration cacheduration = properties.getcacheduration();
  if (cacheduration != null) {
   messagesource.setcachemillis(cacheduration.tomillis());
  }

  messagesource.setalwaysusemessageformat(properties.isalwaysusemessageformat());
  messagesource.setusecodeasdefaultmessage(properties.isusecodeasdefaultmessage());
  return messagesource;
 }
}


//webmvcautoconfiguration
		@bean
		@conditionalonmissingbean
		@conditionalonproperty(prefix = "spring.mvc", name = "locale")
		public localeresolver localeresolver() {
			if (this.mvcproperties.getlocaleresolver() == webmvcproperties.localeresolver.fixed) {
				return new fixedlocaleresolver(this.mvcproperties.getlocale());
			}
			acceptheaderlocaleresolver localeresolver = new acceptheaderlocaleresolver();
			localeresolver.setdefaultlocale(this.mvcproperties.getlocale());
			return localeresolver;
		}

//acceptheaderlocaleresolver
	@override
	public locale resolvelocale(httpservletrequest request) {
		locale defaultlocale = getdefaultlocale();
		if (defaultlocale != null && request.getheader("accept-language") == null) {
			return defaultlocale;
		}
		locale requestlocale = request.getlocale();
		list<locale> supportedlocales = getsupportedlocales();
		if (supportedlocales.isempty() || supportedlocales.contains(requestlocale)) {
			return requestlocale;
		}
		locale supportedlocale = findsupportedlocale(request, supportedlocales);
		if (supportedlocale != null) {
			return supportedlocale;
		}
		return (defaultlocale != null ? defaultlocale : requestlocale);
	}

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