python中bottle使用实例代码

模仿学习同事的代码来写的，主要是搞懂python中如何来组织包，如何调用包，如何读取配置文件，连接数据库，设置路由，路由分组。（注：使用的是python3.6）

整体目录设计如下：

根据调用层级从上往下来说：

首先项目根目录下的main.py是整个程序的入口，主要作用启动http服务器，调用分组路由。

main.py

import bottle
from confg.conf import conf
from api.user import user
 
db_url = conf.db.url
 
default_app = bottle.default_app()
 
#相当于分组路由
default_app.mount("/user", user(db_url, "").app)
 
app = default_app
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    bottle.run(app=app,
               host="localhost",
               port="8000")

接着是controller层，就是api目录。api目录包括service文件夹和api下的文件。（注：一般来说controller层，service层是同级的，本项目其实api下的非service文件都是属于controller层，所以还是同一层的，因为要遵守调用顺序，不然可能会发生循环调用）。

/api/user.py文件

import logging
 
from bottle import request
#db数据库引擎
from common.base import db
#调用service层
from api.service.user import userservice
 
logger = logging.getlogger("arview")
 
 
class user(db, userservice):
 
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print(">>> user init begin")
        logging.debug('>>> user init begin')
        super(user, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.dispatch()
        logger.debug('>>> user init end')
 
    def create(self, db=none):
        create_body = request.json
        create_data = self.create_user(create_body, db)
        return create_data
 
    def delete(self, db=none):
        delete_body = request.json
        delete_data = self.delete_user(delete_body, db)
        return delete_data
 
    def list(self, db=none):
 
        list_data = self.list_user(db)
        return list_data
    #相当于分组路由
    def dispatch(self):
        self.app.route('/listuser', method='post')(self.list)
        self.app.route('/createuser', method='post')(self.create)
        self.app.route('/deleteuser', method='post')(self.delete)

/service/user.py

import time
#model层
from db.models.user import usermodel
 
 
class userservice(object):
    def list_user(self, db):
        user_info_list = db.query(usermodel).all()
        for item in user_info_list:
            print(item.username)
        return user_info_list
 
    def create_user(self, create_body, db):
        user_model = usermodel(
            username=create_body.get("username"),
            password=create_body.get("password"),
            role=create_body.get("role"),
            create_time=time.time()
        )
        db.add(user_model)
        db.commit()
        return "success"
 
    def delete_user(self, delete_body, db):
        db.query(usermodel).filter(usermodel.id == (delete_body["id"])).delete()
        db.commit()
        return delete_body

然后是dao层也就是数据库操作层（但是明显虽然有dao层但是数据库操作的逻辑已经在service层里了）

最后是读取配置文件和创建数据库引擎。

读取配置文件使用的包是oslo_config。

conf.py

# coding:utf8
# from __future__ import print_function
from oslo_config import cfg
 
default_arview_db_name = 'ginblog'
default_arview_db_user = 'root'
default_arview_db_user_password = '33demysql'
default_arview_db_host = '81.68.179.136'
default_arview_db_port = 3306
default_arview_db_url_template = 'mysql+mysqlconnector://{}:{}@' \
                                 '{}:{}/{}?charset=utf8'
default_arview_db_url = default_arview_db_url_template.format(
    default_arview_db_user,
    default_arview_db_user_password,
    default_arview_db_host,
    default_arview_db_port,
    default_arview_db_name)
 
# 声明参数选项
opt_group = cfg.optgroup('keystone_authtoken')
mysql_opt_group = cfg.optgroup('db')
 
auth_opts = [
    cfg.stropt('memcached_servers',
               default='localhost:11211',
               choices=("localhost:11211", "0.0.0.0:11211"),
               help=('localhost local', '0.0.0.0 so listen')
               ),
 
    cfg.stropt('signing_dir',
               default='/var/cache/cinder',
               choices=("/var/cache/cinder", "/var/cache/cinder"),
               ),
]
 
# mysql
mysql_opts = [
    cfg.stropt('url', default=default_arview_db_url),
    cfg.stropt('db', default='3mysql'),
    cfg.stropt('dbhost', default='381.68.179.136'),
    cfg.stropt('dbport', default='33306'),
    cfg.stropt('dbuser', default='3dbuser'),
    cfg.stropt('dbpassword', default='3dbpassword'),
    cfg.stropt('dbname', default='3dbname'),
    cfg.boolopt('create', default=false),
    cfg.boolopt('commit', default=true),
    cfg.boolopt('echo', default=true, help='是否显示回显'),
    cfg.boolopt('echo_pool', default=false, help='数据库连接池是否记录 checkouts/checkins操作'),
    cfg.intopt('pool_size', default=1000, help='数据库连接池中保持打开的连接数量'),
    cfg.intopt('pool_recycle', default=600, help='数据库连接池在连接被创建多久（单位秒）以后回收连接')
]
 
token_opts = [
    cfg.stropt('project_domain_name'),
    cfg.stropt('project_name'),
]
 
cinder_opts = (auth_opts +
               token_opts)
mysqlcinder_opts = (mysql_opts)
 
# 注册参数选项
conf = cfg.conf
# 注册组
conf.register_group(opt_group)
conf.register_group(mysql_opt_group)
 
# 将各个选项注册进组里
conf.register_opts(cinder_opts, group=opt_group)
conf.register_opts(mysqlcinder_opts, group=mysql_opt_group)
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 要读取哪个配置文件
    conf(default_config_files=['cinder.conf'])
    print('mysql db配置组为%s' % (conf.db.db))
    print('mysql dbhost%s' % (conf.db.dbhost))
    print('mysql dbport配置组为%s' % (conf.db.dbport))
    print('mysql dbuser%s' % (conf.db.dbuser))

配置文件cinder.conf

[db]
db = mysql
dbhost = 81.68.179.136
dbport = 3306
dbuser = root
dbpassword = 33demysql
dbname = ginblog
create = false
commit = true
echo = false
echo_pool = false
pool_size = 1000
pool_recycle =600

它的使用方法是，先声明参数选项就是(相当于声明组)

mysql_opt_group = cfg.optgroup('db')，

然后声明组内的选项，

mysql_opts = [
    cfg.stropt('url', default=default_arview_db_url),
    cfg.stropt('db', default='3mysql'),
    cfg.stropt('dbhost', default='381.68.179.136'),
    cfg.stropt('dbport', default='33306'),
    cfg.stropt('dbuser', default='3dbuser'),
    cfg.stropt('dbpassword', default='3dbpassword'),
    cfg.stropt('dbname', default='3dbname'),
    cfg.boolopt('create', default=false),
    cfg.boolopt('commit', default=true),
    cfg.boolopt('echo', default=true, help='是否显示回显'),
    cfg.boolopt('echo_pool', default=false, help='数据库连接池是否记录 checkouts/checkins操作'),
    cfg.intopt('pool_size', default=1000, help='数据库连接池中保持打开的连接数量'),
    cfg.intopt('pool_recycle', default=600, help='数据库连接池在连接被创建多久（单位秒）以后回收连接')
]

拼接选项

mysqlcinder_opts = (mysql_opts)

接着注册组，

conf.register_group(mysql_opt_group)

最后将选项注册进组。

conf.register_opts(mysqlcinder_opts, group=mysql_opt_group)

当然最重要的注册参数选项，我的理解就是暴露句柄。

# 注册参数选项
conf = cfg.conf

然后创建数据库引擎

common/utils/sqlalchemy_util.py

import logging
from json import loads as json_loads
 
from sqlalchemy.engine import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.pool import queuepool
from confg import conf
 
sqlalchemy_engine_container = {}
 
logger = logging.getlogger("arview")
 
 
def json_deserializer(s, **kw):
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        return json_loads(s.decode('utf-8'), **kw)
 
    else:
        return json_loads(s, **kw)
 
 
def get_sqlalchemy_engine(db_url):
    if db_url not in sqlalchemy_engine_container:
        engine = create_engine(db_url, echo=conf.db.echo,
                               # pool_pre_ping如果值为true，那么每次从连接池中拿连接的时候，都会向数据库发送一个类似
                               # select 1的测试查询语句来判断服务器是否正常运行。当该连接出现disconnect的情况时，
                               # 该连接连同pool中的其它连接都会被回收
                               pool_pre_ping=true,
                               echo_pool=conf.db.echo_pool,
                               pool_size=conf.db.pool_size,
                               pool_recycle=conf.db.pool_recycle,
                               json_deserializer=json_deserializer,
                               poolclass=queuepool)
        logger.info('create sqlalchemy engine %s', engine)
        sqlalchemy_engine_container[db_url] = engine
 
    return sqlalchemy_engine_container[db_url]

这里引用配置文件的数据，直接引入conf

from confg import conf

然后使用

conf.db.echo_pool

创建句柄，

 与我之前使用的方法不同的是，这里的数据库引擎不需要在使用的地方引入了，会在main里注册路由分组时，通过plugin插件自动将数据库引擎导入。这也是我有点搞不懂的地方，虽然更方便，但是不知道就很难知道了，问了同事才知道是怎么回事。

bottle源码

def install(self, plugin):
    ''' add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
        applied to all routes of this application. a plugin may be a simple
        decorator or an object that implements the :class:`plugin` api.
    '''

plugin就是相当与golang的中间件，不过作用范围是全部路由。

这里创建数据库句柄并使用是一个比较绕的过程。总体思路：

1.写一个bottle plugin，创建数据库句柄，然后install安装这个plugin。就可以在所有的路由中自动引入这个插件（就是不用在包里在导入db句柄了，bottle会自动导入）。

/common/base.py 创建plugin并安装

import logging
from bottle import bottle
from confg.conf import conf
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, scoped_session
from db.models.base import base as apimodelbase
from common.utils.sqlalchemy_util import get_sqlalchemy_engine
from bottle_sqlalchemy import sqlalchemyplugin
 
logger = logging.getlogger("arview")
base = apimodelbase  # sqlalchemy orm base class
 
 
class plugins:
    sqlalchemy_plugin = none  # sqlalchemy plugin, global only one instance
    apscheduler_plugin = none  # apsechduler plugin. global only one instance
 
 
class base(object):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        logger.debug('>>>> base init begin')
        self.app = bottle()
        # self.app.install(swaggerplugin(self._type))
 
        logger.debug('>>>> base init end')
 
 
class db(base):
    def __init__(self, db_url, create=none, commit=none, *args, **kwargs):
        print('db_url:', db_url)
        super(db, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
        if create is none:
            create = conf.db.create
        if commit is none:
            commit = conf.db.commit
 
        if plugins.sqlalchemy_plugin is none:
            plugins.sqlalchemy_plugin = _create_sqlalchemy_plugin(db_url, create=create, commit=commit)
        self.app.install(plugins.sqlalchemy_plugin)
        logger.debug("install plugin: sqlalchemy.")
        # if conf.api.enable_request_interval_plugin:
        #     self.app.install(requesttimeintervalplugin())
        logger.debug('>>>> db init end')
 
 
class commonbase(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._db = none
 
    @property
    def db(self):
        if not self._db:
            dburl = "mysql+mysqlconnector://{}:{}@{}:{}/{}?charset=utf8".format(conf.mysql.dbuser,
                                                                                conf.mysql.dbpassword,
                                                                                conf.mysql.dbhost,
                                                                                conf.mysql.dbport,
                                                                                conf.mysql.dbname)
            engine = create_engine(dburl, echo=false)
            self._db = sessionmaker()(bind=engine)
        return self._db
 
    @db.deleter
    def db(self):
        if self._db:
            self._db.commit()
            self._db.close()
            self._db = none
 
 
def _create_sqlalchemy_plugin(db_url, create, commit):
    """
    创建sqlalchemy插件
    :param db_url:
    :param echo:
    :param create:
    :param commit:
    :return:
    """
 
    logger.debug('>>>> create sqlalchemy plugin begin')
    engine = get_sqlalchemy_engine(db_url)
    plugin = sqlalchemyplugin(engine, metadata=apimodelbase.metadata, create=create, commit=commit, use_kwargs=true)
    logger.debug('>>>> create sqlalchemy plugin %s' % plugin)
    return plugin

最后使用

/api/user.py

import logging
 
from bottle import request
 
from common.base import db
from api.service.user import userservice
 
logger = logging.getlogger("arview")
 
 
class user(db, userservice):
 
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print(">>> user init begin")
        logging.debug('>>> user init begin')
        super(user, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.dispatch()
        logger.debug('>>> user init end')
 
    def create(self, db=none):
        create_body = request.json
        create_data = self.create_user(create_body, db)
        return create_data
 
    def delete(self, db=none):
        delete_body = request.json
        delete_data = self.delete_user(delete_body, db)
        return delete_data
 
    def list(self, db=none):
 
        list_data = self.list_user(db)
        return list_data
 
    def dispatch(self):
        self.app.route('/listuser', method='post')(self.list)
        self.app.route('/createuser', method='post')(self.create)
        self.app.route('/deleteuser', method='post')(self.delete)

这里的db就不需要导入了，可以直接使用。

db层
主要是模型层 /db/model/user.py

from sqlalchemy import column, string, enum, timestamp, boolean, integer, bigint, datetime
 
from db.models.base import base
 
 
class usermodel(base):
    __tablename__ = "user"
    id = column("id", bigint, primary_key=true, comment="用户id")
    created_at = column("created_at", datetime, comment="创建时间")
    updated_at = column("updated_at", datetime, comment="更新时间")
    deleted_at = column("deleted_at", datetime, comment="删除时间")
    username = column("username", string(20), comment="用户名")
    password = column("password", string(500), comment="密码")
    role = column("role", bigint, comment="角色")
 
    def __init__(self, id, created_at, updated_at, deleted_at, username, password, role):
        self.id = id
        self.created_at = created_at
        self.updated_at = updated_at
        self.deleted_at = deleted_at
        self.username = username
        self.password = password
        self.role = role

/db/model/base.py

from datetime import datetime
 
from sqlalchemy import column, timestamp
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
 
 
# sqlalchemy orm base class
base = declarative_base()
 
 
class timestampmixin(object):
    """为orm提供时间戳基类"""
 
    created_at = column('created_at', timestamp(true), default=datetime.now,
                        comment=u"创建时间")
    updated_at = column('updated_at', timestamp(true), default=datetime.now,
                        onupdate=datetime.now, comment=u"更新时间")

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