python-day8(正式学习)

目录

列表类型内置方法

常用操作+内置方法

优先掌握（***）

按索引取值，可存可取

# list之索引取值
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list[0] = 'nick handsom'
# name_list[1000] = 'tank sb'  # 报错

print(f"name_list[0]: {name_list[0]}")

name_list[0]: nick handsom

切片

# list之切片
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"name_list[0:3:2]: {name_list[0:3:2]}")

name_list[0:3:2]: ['nick', 'tank']

长度

# list之长度
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"len(name_list): {len(name_list)}")

成员运算in和not in

# list之成员运算in和not in
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"'tank sb' in name_list: {'tank sb' in name_list}")
print(f"'nick handsome' not in name_list: {'nick handsome' not in name_list}")

'tank sb' in name_list: false
'nick handsome' not in name_list: true

追加值

# list之追加值
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list.append('tank sb')

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list: ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean', 'tank sb']

删除

# list之删除，也可以删除一个切片范围内的值，甚至可以删除整个列表
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
del name_list[2]

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list: ['nick', 'jason', 'sean']

循环

# list之循环
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

for name in name_list:
    print(name)

nick
jason
tank
sean

需要掌握（**）

insert()（在指定索引处插入一个元素）

# list之insert()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list.insert(1, 'handsome')

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list: ['nick', 'handsome', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

pop()（删除指定索引的元素，执行方法时会返回这个元素，不指定索引时默认最后一个）

# list之pop()，pop()默认删除最后一个元素，并返回一个被删除的元素
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"name_list.pop(1): {name_list.pop(1)}") 
print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list.pop(1): jason
name_list: ['nick', 'tank', 'sean']

remove()（删除首个符合你删除要求--和你给出的值相等--的元素）

# list之remove()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"name_list.remove('nick'): {name_list.remove('nick')}")
print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list.remove('nick'): none
name_list: ['jason', 'tank', 'sean']

count()（计数器，给出你输入元素值的出现次数）

 list之index()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"name_list.index('nick'): {name_list.index('nick')}")

name_list.index('nick'): 0

index()（查找到给定元素值的索引）

# list之index()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"name_list.index('nick'): {name_list.index('nick')}")

name_list.index('nick'): 0

clear()（清空整个列表的所有元素）

# list之clear()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list.clear()

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list: []

copy()（复制整个列表，用于其他操作）

# list之copy()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

print(f"name_list.copy(): {name_list.copy()}")

name_list.copy(): ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']

extend()（把另一个列表中的所有元素扩展到指定列表中）

# list之extend()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list2 = ['nick handsome']
name_list.extend(name_list2)

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list: ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean', 'nick handsome']

reverse()（列表中所有元素反转）

# list之reverse()
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list.reverse()

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list: ['sean', 'tank', 'jason', 'nick']

sort()（给列表排序，有两个参数，key是比较值，reverse是倒序，这两个参数也可不加）

# list之sort()，使用sort列表的元素必须是同类型的
name_list = ['nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean']
name_list.sort()

print(f"name_list: {name_list}")

name_list.sort(reverse=true)
print(f"name_list_reverse: {name_list}")
补：
name=[1,2,3,4,5]
print(name.sort(key=lambda k:-k))
print(name)
print(name.sort(key=lambda k:-k,reverse=true))
print(name)

name_list: ['jason', 'nick', 'sean', 'tank']
name_list_reverse: ['tank', 'sean', 'nick', 'jason']

none
[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
none
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

存一个值or多个值

多个值

有序or无序

有序

可变or不可变

可变

元组类型内置方法

定义

与列表相似，用()

name_str = ('egon')  # ()只是普通包含的意思
name_tuple = ('egon',)

print(f"type(name_str): {type(name_str)}")
print(f"type(name_tuple): {type(name_tuple)}")

type(name_str): <class 'str'>
type(name_tuple): <class 'tuple'>

常用操作+内置方法

优先掌握

索引取值

# tuple之索引取值
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')
# name_tuple[0] = 'nick handsom'  # 报错

print(f"name_tuple[0]: {name_tuple[0]}")

name_tuple[0]: nick

切片

# tuple之切片
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')

print(f"name_tuple[1:3:2]: {name_tuple[1:3:2]}")

name_tuple[1:3:2]: ('jason',)

长度

# tuple之长度
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')

print(f"len(name_tuple): {len(name_tuple)}")

len(name_tuple): 4

成员运算

# tuple之成员运算
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')

print(f"'nick' in name_tuple: {'nick' in name_tuple}")

'nick' in name_tuple: true

循环

# tuple之循环
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')

for name in name_tuple:
    print(name)

nick
jason
tank
sean

count()

# tuple之count()
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')

print(f"name_tuple.count('nick'): {name_tuple.count('nick')}")

name_tuple.count('nick'): 1

index()

# tuple之index()
name_tuple = ('nick', 'jason', 'tank', 'sean')

print(f"name_tuple.index('nick'): {name_tuple.index('nick')}")

name_tuple.index('nick'): 0

一个值or多个值

一个值

有序or无序

有序

可变or不可变

不可变数据类型

字典类型内置方法

常用操作+内置方法

优先掌握（***）

按key存取值

# dic之按key存取值
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"first dic['a']: {dic['a']}")

dic['a'] = 3

print(f"second dic['a']: {dic['a']}")

first dic['a']: 1
second dic['a']: 3

长度len

# dic之长度len
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"len(dic): {len(dic)}")

len(dic): 2

成员运算in和not in

# dic之成员运算in和not in
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"'a' in dic: {'a' in dic}")
print(f"1 in dic: {1 in dic}")

'a' in dic: true
1 in dic: false

删除

# dic之删除del
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
del dic['a']

print(f"dic.get('a'): {dic.get('a')}")

dic.get('a'): none

# dic之删除pop()
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dic.pop('a')  # 指定元素删除

print(f"dic.pop('b'): {dic.pop('b')}")
print(f"dic.get('a'): {dic.get('a')}")

dic.pop('b'): 2
dic.get('a'): none

# dic之删除popitem()
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"dic.popitem(): {dic.popitem()}")  # popitem() 方法随机返回并删除字典中的一对键和值(一般删除末尾对)。

dic.popitem(): ('b', 2)

键key(),值value(),键值对items()

# dic之键keys()、值values()、键值对items()，python2中取出的是列表（鸡蛋）；python3中取出的是元组（鸡）
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"dic.keys(): {dic.keys()}")
print(f"dic.values(): {dic.values()}")
print(f"dic.items(): {dic.items()}")

dic.keys(): dict_keys(['a', 'b'])
dic.values(): dict_values([1, 2])
dic.items(): dict_items([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])

循环

# dic之循环
# dic是无序的，但是python3采用了底层优化算法，所以看起来是有序的，但是python2中的字典是无序
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}

for k, v in dic.items():  # items可以换成keys()、values()
    print(k, v)

a 1
b 2
c 3
d 4

需要掌握（**）

get()（根据键返回值，若无则返回none）

# dic之get()
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"dic.get('a'): {dic.get('a')}")
print(f"dic.get('c'): {dic.get('c')}")

dic.get('a'): 1
dic.get('c'): none

update()（把另一个字典并到指定字典）

# dic之update()
dic1 = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dic2 = {'c': 3}
dic1.update(dic2)

print(f"dic1: {dic1}")

dic1: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

fromkeys()（快速建一个字典，前提是值都相同）

# dic之fromkeys()
dic = dict.fromkeys(['name', 'age', 'sex'], none)

print(f"dic: {dic}")

dic: {'name': none, 'age': none, 'sex': none}

setdefault()（增加一个元素，但如果字典里已有该键，则不会添加）

# dic之setdefault()，有指定key不会改变值；无指定key则改变值
dic = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

print(f"dic.setdefault('a'): {dic.setdefault('a',3)}")
print(f"dic: {dic}")
print(f"dic.setdefault('c'): {dic.setdefault('c',3)}")
print(f"dic: {dic}")

dic.setdefault('a'): 1
dic: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}
dic.setdefault('c'): 3
dic: {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

存一个值or多个值

多个值，key是不可变值

有序or无序

无序

可变or不可变

可变数据类型

集合类型内置方法

定义

s = {1, 2, 1, 'a'}  # s = set({1,2,'a'})

print(f"s: {s}")

s: {1, 2, 'a'}

常用操作+内置方法

优先掌握

长度

# set之长度len
s = {1, 2, 'a'}

print(f"len(s): {len(s)}")

len(s): 3

成员运算in和not in

# set之成员运算in和not in
s = {1, 2, 'a'}

print(f"1 in s: {1 in s}")

1 in s: true

|并集

# str之|并集
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}

print(f"pythoners|linuxers: {pythoners|linuxers}")
print(f"pythoners.union(linuxers): {pythoners.union(linuxers)}")

pythoners|linuxers: {'egon', 'tank', 'kevin', 'jason', 'nick', 'sean'}
pythoners.union(linuxers): {'egon', 'tank', 'kevin', 'jason', 'nick', 'sean'}

&交集

# str之&交集
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}

print(f"pythoners&linuxers: {pythoners&linuxers}")
print(f"pythoners.intersection(linuxers): {pythoners.intersection(linuxers)}")

pythoners&linuxers: {'nick'}
pythoners.intersection(linuxers): {'nick'}

-差集

# str之-差集
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}

print(f"pythoners-linuxers: {pythoners-linuxers}")
print(f"pythoners.difference(linuxers): {pythoners.difference(linuxers)}")

pythoners-linuxers: {'tank', 'jason', 'sean'}
pythoners.difference(linuxers): {'tank', 'jason', 'sean'}

^对称差集

# str之^对称差集
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}

print(f"pythoners^linuxers: {pythoners^linuxers}")
print(
    f"pythoners.symmetric_difference(linuxers): {pythoners.symmetric_difference(linuxers)}")

pythoners^linuxers: {'egon', 'tank', 'kevin', 'jason', 'sean'}
pythoners.symmetric_difference(linuxers): {'egon', 'tank', 'kevin', 'jason', 'sean'}

==

# str之==
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}
javers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}

print(f"pythoners==linuxers: {pythoners==linuxers}")
print(f"javers==linuxers: {javers==linuxers}")

pythoners==linuxers: false
javers==linuxers: true

父集：>,>=

# str之父集：>、>=
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}
javaers = {'jason', 'nick'}

print(f"pythoners>linuxers: {pythoners>linuxers}")
print(f"pythoners>=linuxers: {pythoners>=linuxers}")
print(f"pythoners>=javaers: {pythoners>=javaers}")
print(f"pythoners.issuperset(javaers): {pythoners.issuperset(javaers)}")

pythoners>linuxers: false
pythoners>=linuxers: false
pythoners>=javaers: true
pythoners.issuperset(javaers): 

子集：<,<=

# str之子集：<、<=
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}
javaers = {'jason', 'nick'}

print(f"pythoners<linuxers: {pythoners<linuxers}")
print(f"pythoners<=linuxers: {pythoners<=linuxers}")
print(f"javaers.issubset(javaers): {javaers.issubset(javaers)}")

pythoners<linuxers: false
pythoners<=linuxers: false
javaers.issubset(javaers): true

需要掌握（**）

add()

# set之add()
s = {1, 2, 'a'}
s.add(3)

print(s)

{1, 2, 3, 'a'}

remove()

# set之remove()
s = {1, 2, 'a'}
s.remove(1)

print(s)

{2, 'a'}

difference_update()

# str之difference_update()
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}
pythoners.difference_update(linuxers)

print(f"pythoners.difference_update(linuxers): {pythoners}")

pythoners.difference_update(linuxers): {'tank', 'jason', 'sean'}

discard()

# set之discard()
s = {1, 2, 'a'}
# s.remove(3)  # 报错
s.discard(3)

print(s)

{1, 2, 'a'}

isdisjoint()

# set之isdisjoint()，集合没有共同的部分返回true，否则返回false
pythoners = {'jason', 'nick', 'tank', 'sean'}
linuxers = {'nick', 'egon', 'kevin'}
pythoners.isdisjoint(linuxers)

print(f"pythoners.isdisjoint(linuxers): {pythoners.isdisjoint(linuxers)}")

pythoners.isdisjoint(linuxers): false

存一个值or多个值

多个值，值为不可变类型

有序or无序

无序

可变or不可变

可变数据类型